Nikola Internals

When trying to guide someone into adding a feature in Nikola, it hit me that while the way it's structured makes sense to me it is far from obvious.

So, this is a short document explaining what each piece of Nikola does and how it all fits together.

Nikola is a Pile of Plugins

Most of Nikola is implemented as plugins (using a custom plugin manager inspired by Yapsy). You can ignore that they are plugins and just think of them as regular python modules and packages with a funny little .plugin file next to them.

So, 90% of the time, what you want to do is either write a new plugin or extend an existing one.

There are several kinds of plugins, all implementing interfaces defined in nikola/plugin_categories.py and documented in Extending Nikola

If your plugin has a dependency, please make sure it doesn't make Nikola throw an exception when the dependency is missing. Try to fail gracefully with an informative message.

Commands are plugins

When you use nikola foo you are using the plugin command/foo. Those are used to extend Nikola's command line. Their interface is defined in the Command class. They take options and arguments and do whatever you want, so go wild.

The build command is special

The build command triggers a whole lot of things, and is the core of Nikola because it's the one that you use to build sites. So it deserves its own section.

The Build Command

Nikola's goal is similar, deep at heart, to a Makefile. Take sources, compile them into something, in this case a website. Instead of a Makefile, Nikola uses doit.

Doit has the concept of "tasks". The 1 minute summary of tasks is that they have:

actions

What the task does. For example, convert a markdown document into HTML.

dependencies

If this file changes, then we need to redo the actions. If this configuration option changes, redo it, etc.

targets

Files that the action generates. No two actions can have the same targets.

basename:name

Each task is identified by either a name or a basename:name pair.

So, what Nikola does, when you use the build command, is to read the configuration conf.py from the current folder, instantiate the Nikola class, and have it generate a whole list of tasks for doit to process. Then doit will decide which tasks need doing, and do them, in the right order.

The place where the tasks are generated is in Nikola.gen_tasks, which collects tasks from all the plugins inheriting BaseTask, massages them a bit, then passes them to doit.

So, if you want things to happen on build you want to create a Task plugin, or extend one of the existing ones.

Posts and Pages

Nikola has a concept of posts and pages. Both are more or less the same thing, except posts are added into RSS feeds and pages are not. All of them are in a list called "the timeline" formed by objects of class Post.

When you are creating a task that needs the list of posts and/or pages (for example, the RSS creation plugin) on task execution time, your plugin should call self.site.scan_posts() in gen_tasks to ensure the timeline is created and available in self.site.timeline. You should not modify the timeline, because it will cause consistency issues.

Your plugin can use the timeline to generate "stuff" (technical term). For example, Nikola comes with plugins that use the timeline to create a website (surprised?).

The workflow included with nikola is as follows (incomplete!):

  1. The post is assigned a compiler based on its extension and the COMPILERS option.

  2. The compiler is applied to the post data and a "HTML fragment" is produced. That fragment is stored in a cache (the posts plugin).

  3. The configured theme has templates (and a template engine), which are applied to the post's HTML fragment and metadata (the pages plugin).

  4. The original sources for the post are copied to some accessible place (the sources plugin).

  5. If the post is tagged, some pages and RSS feeds for each tag are updated (the tags plugin).

  6. If the post is new, it's included in the blog's RSS feed (the rss plugin).

  7. The post is added in the right place in the index pages for the blog (the indexes plugin).

  8. CSS/JS/Images for the theme are put in the right places (the copy_assets and bundles plugins).

  9. A File describing the whole site is created (the sitemap plugin).

You can add whatever you want to that list: just create a plugin for it.

You can also expand Nikola's capabilities at several points:

compilers

Nikola supports a variety of markups. If you want to add another one, you need to create a Compiler plugin.

templates

Nikola's themes can use Jinja2 or Mako templates. If you prefer another template system, you have to create a TemplateSystem plugin.

themes

To change how the generated site looks, you can create custom themes.

And of course, you can also replace or extend each of the existing plugins.

Nikola Architecture

https://getnikola.com/images/architecture.thumbnail.png